ships
{1|One} of the functions of this {weblog|blog} is to serve as a sounding board for {suggestions|ideas} to {get rid of|eliminate} the use of carbon based fossil fuels in transportation and other energy uses. There are {a number of|several} {issue|problem} areas, areas for which no {great|good} substitute {provides|offers} itself.
ships
{1|One} of those areas is shipping. Of course if we {get rid of|eliminate} oil as a fuel source, there will be a {entire|whole} lot {much less|less} shipping, {simply because|because} a lot of shipping has to do with moving oil around, but shipping freight is still a {issue|problem}.
ships
The candidates for {option|alternative} power source would {appear|seem} to be nuclear and solar. I know that Rid Adams would like to sell {anybody|anyone} who asks an Adams Atomic Engine. So lets hope that Rod does a lot of {company|business}.
ships
What about renewables? {Nicely|Well} PV is {usually|always} a possibility. We could have solar powered ships. Thy would {need|require} overnight electrical storage, and {big|large} batteries are {costly|expensive}. Solar {may|might} not have a {substantial|significant} {price|cost} {benefit|advantage} over nuclear.
ships
What about wind? Sailing ships {had been|were}, and are {extremely|highly} {complicated|complex} objects. Operating {conventional|traditional} sailing ships is far {much more|more} manpower intensive than than operating {contemporary|modern} oil powered vessels. There is also, I believe, a {issue|problem} with size. The largest sailing ships have been in the 5000 ton size. The German Preussen, was capable of carrying 8000 tons of cargo, and {required|needed} a 40 {individual|person} crew. The {style|design} of the {contemporary|modern}, and equally {big|large} sail powered cruse ship the Royal Clipper is based on the Preussen’s.
The {Fantastic|Great} Eastern was {created|designed} with sail, but she was {truly|really} a steam ship. The {Fantastic|Great} Eastern’s sails tended to catch on fire when they {had been|were} set, {simply because|because} the funnel exhaust was hot {sufficient|enough} to set canvas on fire.
ships
There is, {nevertheless|however} {an additional|another} approach to wind. {Throughout|During} the 1920′s the German inventer Anton Flettner set out to prove that ships could be sailed {utilizing|using} the Magnus {impact|effect}. The Magnus {impact|effect} is an aerodynamic phenomena produced with a cylinder spins in a wind. Air pressure on {1|one} side is {decreased|reduced} and {therefore|thus} a movement force is applued to the cylinder. Flettner attempted to demonstrate that the Magnus {impact|effect} could be {utilized|used} for ship propulsion. He rebuilt a sailing ship with two rotating cylinders (or rotors) about 15 meters high and {three|3} meters in diameter. Rotation was applied to the cylinders by a {little|small} engine. The ship appears to have been sucessful, and even crossed the Atlantic. From an energy viewpoint {nevertheless|however} the experiment proved unsucessful. {Much more|More} engine power was {required|needed} to turn the cylinders, than would have been {required|needed} to turn a propeller to {create|produce} the {exact same|same} speed. Flettner accomplish his purpose by the demonstration and then went on to other inventions.
But in the United States, Laurence J. Lesh, a pioneer aeronautical engineer, had {an additional|another} approach. Rather than use cylinders that {had been|were} rotated by an engine, Lesh {created|designed} wing like airfoils, that {had been|were} rotated by the wind. There {had been|were} mounted upright, like Flattner’s rotating cylinders. Lesh conducting wind-tunnel tests, and experimented with a model rotor ship in a model boat basin. He concluded that his roters would {offer|provide} {four|4} times the propulsive force of {conventional|traditional} sails. {Sadly|Unfortunately} Lesh appears to have {by no means|never} completed his full sized boat.
Jaques Cousteau attemped to revive some of Flettner {suggestions|ideas} in the 1980′s with the “turbosail” {program|system}. Cousteau claimed that his {program|system} was {five|5} to 6 times {much more|more} efficient than ordinary sails. The initial experiment failed {simply because|because} of {supplies|materials} {issues|problems}, but Cousteau presisted and built the Alcyone (see above). Cousteau claimed that the Alcyone achieved a 35% fuel savings compaired to ordinary boats.
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